- Saarland: Archontology
- Saarland: Governor and High Commissioner: 1945-1952
- Saarland: Heads of Administration: 1945-1947
- Saarland: Heads of Government: 1947-2024
- Saarland: Polity Style: 1920-2024
- Saarland: Presidents of the Governing Commission: 1920-1935
- Saarland: Sources
- Saint Christopher and Nevis: Archontology
- Saint Christopher and Nevis: Governors-General: 1983-2024
- Saint Christopher and Nevis: Heads of State: 1983-2024
- Saint Christopher and Nevis: Polity Style: 1967-2024
- Saint Christopher and Nevis: Sources
- Saint Lucia: Archontology
- Saint Lucia: Governors-General: 1979-2024
- Saint Lucia: Heads of State: 1979-2024
- Saint Lucia: Polity Style: 1979-2024
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Archontology
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Governors-General: 1979 -2024
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Heads of State: 1979 -2024
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Polity Style: 1979 -2024
- Saint-Just, Louis
- Salazar, António
- Sales, Manuel Ferraz de Campos
- SALISBURY, 3rd marquess of
- Salmerón y Alonso, Nicolás
- Samoa: Archontology
- Samoa: Heads of State: 1962-2024
- Samoa: Polity Style: 1962-2024
- San Marino: Archontology
- San Marino: Heads of State: 1244-1400
- San Marino: Heads of State: 1400-1500
- San Marino: Heads of State: 1500-1600
- San Marino: Heads of State: 1600-1700
- San Marino: Heads of State: 1700-1800
- San Marino: Heads of State: 1800-1900
- San Marino: Heads of State: 1900-2000
- San Marino: Heads of State: 2000-2024
- San Marino: Polity Style: 1243-2024
- San Marino: Sources
- Santo Domingo: Heads of Administration: 1861-1865
- Sao Tome and Principe: Archontology
- Sao Tome and Principe: Heads of State: 1975-2024
- Sao Tome and Principe: Polity Style: 1975-2024
- Sarkozy, Nicolas
- Sarney Costa, José
- Saudi Arabia: Archontology
- Saudi Arabia: Heads of State: 1932-2024
- Saudi Arabia: Polity Style: 1932-2024
- Saudi Arabia: Sources
- Sauvé, Jeanne
- Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, August Ludwig von
- Scheel, Walter
- Scheel, Walter
- Scheidemann, Philipp
- Scheidemann, Philipp
- Schleicher, Kurt von
- Schmidt, Helmut Heinrich Waldemar
- Schreyer, Edward
- Schröder, Gerhard
- Schuman, Robert
- Schärf, Adolf
- Schüler, Friedrich
- Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651-1660
- Scotland: Administration of Affairs: 1689
- Scotland: Archontology
- Scotland: Kings (Jacobite Claimants): 1715-1746
- Scotland: Kings and Queens: 1306-1651
- Scotland: Kings and Queens: 1660-1707
- Scotland: Kings and Regents: 1005-1304
- Scotland: Notes
- Scotland: Sources
- Segni, Antonio
- Seitz, Karl
- Senegal: Archontology
- Senegal: Heads of State: 1959-2024
- Senegal: Polity Style: 1960-2024
- Senegal: Sources
- Serbia: Archontology
- Serbia: Heads of Administration: 1941-1944
- Serbia: Heads of State: 1804-1813
- Serbia: Heads of State: 1815-1882
- Serbia: Heads of State: 1882-1918
- Serbia: Heads of State: 1991-2024
- Serbia: Polity Style: 1804-2024
- Serbia: Sources
- Serrano y Domínguez, Francisco
- Seychelles: Archontology
- Seychelles: Heads of State: 1976-2024
- Seychelles: Polity Style: 1976-2024
- Seyss-Inquart, Arthur
- SHELBURNE, 2nd earl of
- Shu Han: Archontology
- Shu Han: Polity Style: 221-264
- Shu Han: Ruler and Emperors: 219-264
- Shu Han: Sources
- Sierra Leone: Archontology
- Sierra Leone: Gazette 1961-11-16
- Sierra Leone: Gazette 1962-01-04
- Sierra Leone: Governors-General: 1961-1971
- Sierra Leone: Heads of State: 1961-1971
- Sierra Leone: Heads of State: 1971-2024
- Sierra Leone: Polity Style: 1961-2024
- Sierra Leone: Sources
- SIEYÈS, Emmanuel-Joseph
- SIEYÈS, Emmanuel-Joseph
- SIEYÈS, Emmanuel-Joseph
- SIEYÈS, Emmanuel-Joseph
- Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph
- Sikkim: Archontology
- Sikkim: Heads of State: 1642-1975
- Sikkim: Polity Style: 1642-2024
- Sikkim: Sources
- Silayev, Ivan Stepanovich
- Silayev, Ivan Stepanovich
- SILAYEV, Ivan Stepanovich (USSR)
- Silla: Archontology
- Silla: Kings: 356-936
- Silla: Notes
- Silla: Polity Style: 4th c.-936
- Silla: Sources
- Simon, August Heinrich
- Simons, Walter
- Singapore: Archontology
- Singapore: Heads of State: 1959-2024
- Singapore: Polity Style: 1959-2024
- Singapore: Sources
- Slovak Soviet Republic: Archontology
- Slovak Soviet Republic: Heads of State: 1919
- Slovak Soviet Republic: Polity Style: 1919
- Slovakia: Archontology
- Slovakia: Heads of Government: 1938-1939
- Slovakia: Heads of State: 1939-1945
- Slovakia: Heads of State: 1993-2024
- Slovakia: Notes
- Slovakia: Polity Style: 1938-2024
- Slovenia: Archontology
- Slovenia: Heads of Administration: 1929-1941
- Slovenia: Heads of Government: 1918-1921
- Slovenia: Heads of Government: 1992-2024
- Slovenia: Heads of State: 1992-2024
- Slovenia: Polity Style: 1929-2024
- Slovenia: President of the Slovene National Liberation Council: 1944-1946
- Slovenia: Presidents of the Executive Council: 1990-1992
- Slovenia: Presidents of the National Assembly: 1953-1974
- Slovenia: Presidents of the Presidency of the Republic: 1974-1992
- Slovenia: Presidents of the Presidium of the National Assembly: 1946-1953
- Slovenia: Provincial Governor: 1921-1923
- Slovenia: Sources
- Solomon Islands: Archontology
- Solomon Islands: Gazette 2013-11-01
- Solomon Islands: Governors-General: 1978-2024
- Solomon Islands: Heads of State: 1978-2024
- Solomon Islands: Polity Style: 1978-2024
- Solomon Islands: Sources
- Somalia: Archontology
- Somalia: Heads of State: 1960-1991
- Somalia: Heads of State: 2000-2024
- Somalia: Interim Authorities: 1991-1997
- Somalia: Polity Style: 1960-2024
- Somalia: Sources
- SOMERSET, duke of
- Song: Archontology
- Song: Emperors: 1127-1276
- Song: Emperors: 1276-1279
- Song: Emperors: 960-1127
- Song: Polity Style: 960-1279
- Song: Sources
- Sousa e Melo, Márcio de
- South Africa: Archontology
- South Africa: Gazette 1953-03-04
- South Africa: Gazette 1953-05-29
- South Africa: Governors-General: 1910-1961
- South Africa: Heads of State: 1910-1961
- South Africa: Heads of State: 1961-1994
- South Africa: Heads of State: 1994-2024
- South Africa: Legislation: 1910-2024
- South Africa: Polity Style: 1910-2024
- South Africa: Sources
- South African Republic (Transvaal): Sources
- South African Republic - Transvaal: Archontology
- South African Republic: Chairman of the Volksraad: 1844
- South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1845-1849
- South African Republic: Chairmen of the Volksraad: 1849-1857
- South African Republic: Commandants-Generaal: 1850-1858
- South African Republic: Heads of State: 1857-1877
- South African Republic: Heads of State: 1880-1902
- South African Republic: Notes
- South African Republic: Polity Style: 1853-1902
- South Carolina: Archontology
- South Carolina: Colonial Governors: 1730-1775
- South Carolina: Polity Style: 1730-2024
- South Carolina: President of the Council of Safety: 1775-1776
- South Carolina: Presidents of the Provincial Congress: 1775-1776
- South Carolina: Presidents of the State: 1776-1779
- South Carolina: Sources
- South Carolina: State Governors: 1779-1865
- South Sudan
- South Sudan: Heads of State: 2011-2024
- South Sudan: Polity Style: 2011-2024
- South-Peruvian State: Archontology
- South-Peruvian State: Polity Style: 1836-1839
- South-Peruvian State: Presidents of the State: 1837-1839
- South-Peruvian State: Supreme Protector: 1836-1839
- Southern Moluccas: Archontology
- Southern Moluccas: Heads of State: 1950-1963
- Southern Moluccas: Polity Style: 1950-1963
- Southern Qi: Archontology
- Southern Qi: Emperors: 479-502
- Southern Qi: Polity Style: 479-502
- Southern Qi: Sources
- Southern Rhodesia: Governor: 1979-1980
- Southern Song: Archontology
- Southern Song: Emperors: 420-479
- Southern Song: Polity Style: 420-479
- Southern Song: Sources
- Soviet Union: Archontology
- Soviet Union: Heads of Government: 1923-1991
- Soviet Union: Heads of State: 1922-1991
- Soviet Union: Polity Style: 1922-1991
- Soviet Union: Sources
- Spain: Archontology
- Spain: Council of Regency: 1810-1812 (membership)
- Spain: Council of Regency: 1810-1812 (presidency)
- Spain: Heads of Government: 1834-1868
- Spain: Heads of Government: 1868-1874
- Spain: Heads of Government: 1875-1902
- Spain: Heads of Government: 1902-1931
- Spain: Heads of Government: 1931-1939
- Spain: Heads of Government: 1936-2024
- Spain: Heads of State: 1700-1808
- Spain: Heads of State: 1808-1813
- Spain: Heads of State: 1868-1874
- Spain: Heads of State: 1874-1931
- Spain: Heads of State: 1931-1939
- Spain: Heads of State: 1936-2024
- Spain: Junta of Government: 1700-1701
- Spain: Kings (Carlist Claimants): 1833-1876
- Spain: Kings and Queens: 1808-1868
- Spain: Legislation: 1938
- Spain: Legislation: 1947
- Spain: Legislation: 1967
- Spain: Legislation: 1969
- Spain: Legislation: 1971
- Spain: Legislation: 1972
- Spain: Legislation: 1973
- Spain: Navarre: Archontology
- Spain: Navarre: Kings and Queens: 1813-1841
- Spain: Navarre: Polity Style: 1813-1841
- Spain: Notes
- Spain: Polity Style: 1812-2024
- Spain: Provisional Government: 1843
- Spain: Provisional Junta of Government: 1823
- Spain: Provisional Regency: 1823
- Spain: Provisional Regency: 1840-1841
- Spain: Regencies: 1808-1814
- Spain: Regency of the Kingdom: 1812-1813 (membership)
- Spain: Regency of the Kingdom: 1812-1813 (presidency)
- Spain: Regency of the Kingdom: 1813-1814 (membership)
- Spain: Regency of the Kingdom: 1813-1814 (presidents)
- Spain: Regency: 1823
- Spain: Regency: 1975
- Spain: Revolutionary Provisional Junta of Madrid: 1868
- Spain: Revolutionary Superior Junta of Madrid: 1868
- Spain: Sources
- Spain: Supreme Council of Regency: 1810 (membership)
- Spain: Supreme Council of Regency: 1810 (presidency)
- Sri Lanka: Archontology
- Sri Lanka: Government Gazette 1953-06-04
- Sri Lanka: Governors-General: 1948-1972
- Sri Lanka: Heads of State: 1948-1972
- Sri Lanka: Heads of State: 1972-2024
- Sri Lanka: Notes
- Sri Lanka: Polity Style: 1948-2024
- Sri Lanka: Sources
- St. Clair, Arthur
- STALIN, Iosif Vissarionovich
- Stanley of Preston, baron
- State of Qi: Rulers: 386-221 BC
- State of Qi: Rulers: 851-386 BC
- State of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs: Chairmen of the National Council: 1918
- State of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs: Heads of State: 1918: Archontology
- State of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs: Polity Style: 1918
- State of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs: Sources
- Stellaland: Archontology
- Stellaland: Heads of State: 1883-1885
- Stellaland: Polity Style: 1883-1885
- STEPHEN (of Blois)
- Steyn, Lucas Cornelius
- Stresemann, Gustav
- Sudan (The): Archontology
- Sudan (The): Council of the Head of State
- Sudan (The): Heads of State: 1958-1964
- Sudan (The): Heads of State: 1969-1986
- Sudan (The): Heads of State: 1989-2024
- Sudan (The): Polity Style: 1956-2024
- Sudan (The): Sources
- Sudan (The): Sovereignty Council: 1956-1958
- Sudan (The): Sovereignty Council: 1964-1969
- Sui: Archontology
- Sui: Emperors: 581-619
- Sui: Polity Style: 581-619
- Sui: Sources
- Sulimov, Daniil Yegorovich
- Suriname: Archontology
- Suriname: Heads of State: 1975-2024
- Suriname: Polity Style: 1975-2024
- Suriname: Sources
- Svernik (Švernik), Nikolaj
- Svernik (Švernik), Nikolaj
- Swart, Charles
- Swart, Charles
- Sweden: Archontology
- Sweden: Glossary
- Sweden: Heads of State: 1250-1364
- Sweden: Heads of State: 1364-1470
- Sweden: Heads of State: 1470-1523
- Sweden: Heads of State: 1523-1654
- Sweden: Heads of State: 1654-1751
- Sweden: Heads of State: 1751-1818
- Sweden: Heads of State: 1818-2024
- Sweden: Notes: 1364-2024
- Sweden: Polity Style: 1250-2024
- Sweden: Sources
- Sweyn (Forkbeard)
- Switzerland: Archontology
- Switzerland: Executive Authority: 1800
- Switzerland: Executive Authority: 1801-1803
- Switzerland: Executive Commission: 1800
- Switzerland: Executive Council: 1800-1801
- Switzerland: Executive Directory: 1798-1800
- Switzerland: Heads of State: 1848-1900
- Switzerland: Heads of State: 1901-2000
- Switzerland: Heads of State: 2001-2024
- Switzerland: Landammanns: 1803-1813
- Switzerland: Polity Style: 1798-2024
- Switzerland: Presidents of the Diet: 1814-1848
- Switzerland: Sources
- Syria: Archontology
- Syria: Heads of State: 1920
- Syria: Heads of State: 1922-1949
- Syria: Heads of State: 1949-1958
- Syria: Heads of State: 1961-2024
- Syria: Polity Style: 1920-2024
- Syria: Sources
- Syrtsov, Sergey Ivanovich
Last update: 21 Nov 2024