Primary sources:
- Book of Sui. The Book of Sui (Suí shū|隋書) online; online
- Old Book of Tang. The Old Book of Tang (Jiù Táng shū|舊唐書) online; online
- Zīzhì Tòngjiàn. Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance (Zīzhì tōngjiàn|資治通鑑) online
Secondary sources:
- Moule (1957). Moule, Arthur Christopher (ed.) The Rulers Of China 221 B.C. – A.D. 1949. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957. online
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