Hungary: Notes |
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Transition from Monarchy to Republic and Independence of Hungary (1918) The collapse of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918 was seen by Hungarian nationalists as favorable opportunity for secession of Hungary from the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. On 25 Oct 1918, the Hungarian National Council (Magyar Nemzeti Tanács) was formed with nagykárolyi gróf Károlyi Mihály as president. During the night of 30 Oct 1918, a bloodless coup was staged in Budapest with the troops loyal to the National Council occupying strategic points in the city. The Council, however, did not proceed with immediate proclamation of independence and chose not to openly confront the royal authority in Budapest represented by Erzherzog Josef (= József főherceg) as homo regius. Following some hours of consultations, King IV. Károly (= Emperor Karl I.) appointed Károlyi the President of the Council of Ministers (31 Oct 1918). The Károlyi cabinet composed of the members of his party, Függetlenségi és 48-as Károlyi Párt (Independence and 1848 Károlyi Party), social-democrats and radicals, was sworn in at the residence of Erzherzog Josef at 20:00 31 Oct 1918. On the next day, the National Council took further steps to consolidate the state authority in the hands of independence supporters. The joint sitting of the National Council, Workers' Council and government started at 18:30 1 Nov 1918, culminating in the speech of Károlyi who proclaimed that the ministry had petitioned the king to relieve them of their oath of allegiance and the king gave his consent. After a few more speeches, the government took oath before the National Council. When the joint sitting was over by 20:30 1 Nov 1918, the National Council held its own session where Károlyi resigned his presidency and Hock János was elected a new president. The cabinet and the National Council proceeded with preparation of the proclamation of independence and republic scheduled to take place on 16 Nov 1918, while royal authority remained in limbo. The declaration of King IV. Károly (dated 13 Nov 1918 at Eckartsau, Lower Austria), stating his determination to withdraw from political affairs in Hungary, was not made publicly known until it was handed to the Károlyi government on 14 Nov 1918, but was not followed by any actions. The solemn session of Főrendiház and Képviselőház, two chambers of the former National Assembly (Országgyűlés), which had just decided upon their self-dissolution, and the National Council was held in Budapest's Országház between 11:00 and 12:00 16 Nov 1918 under the presidency of Hock. The assembly passed by acclamation the resolution accepting what was perceived as "abdication" of King IV. Károly and approved the dissolution of the National Assembly. Next, the proclamation of independence and establishment of People's Republic was read out and later communicated to the public gathered before the Országház. The resolution passed under the authority of the National Council entrusted the government of Károlyi with supreme state power until a Constituent Assembly decides upon forming permanent executive. The National Government in Arad/Szeged (1919) The counter-revolutionary government was set up in Arad (this city later incorporated into Romania) on 5 May 1919 and was composed of 12 ministers under the presidency of nagykárolyi gróf Károlyi Gyula. Established in the area under the control of the Romanian armed forces, almost the entire ministry, including Károlyi, was interned by the Romanians from 9 to 22 May 1919. The proclamation dated 5 May 1919 and issued by the Károlyi government at Arad did probably not reach Budapest until mid-May 1919. The released ministry moved to Szeged on 30 May 1919 where it stayed until the coup of 6 Aug 1919 which toppled the ministry of Peidl Gyula in Budapest. Károlyi was replaced as Prime Minister in a cabinet reshuffle by danczkai Pattantyús-Ábrahám Dezső (12 Jul 1919). The Szeged government was under the sponsorship of the "Vienna Committee" which with the help of supporting Hungarian organizations set up a body styled Countrywide Hungarian Governing Committee (Országos Magyar Kormányzó Bízottság), consisting of Fülöp Béla (Temesvár), jákfai Gömbös Gyula (Vienna), nagy-eőrvistyei Hencz Károly (Budapest), and Varjassy Lajos (Arad); despite this body's pretentious style - which may have persuaded some sources to regard it as a collective "head of state" - this Committee's sole function was to serve as a liaison between the Szeged Government and the Vienna Committee. Fülöp and Varjassy were original members of the Arad ministry, and Varjassy continued to hold the office of agriculture minister in the Szeged government. After the recognition of József főherceg as the Governor of Hungary (Magyarország kormányzója) on 8 Aug 1919, Pattantyús-Ábrahám arrived to Budapest to negotiate the composition of a coalition government. As the recognition of the József régime continued to grow and formation of the coalition ministry was completed by 15 Aug 1919, Pattantyús-Ábrahám made a statement at the conference of the Függetlenségi és 48-as Párt (Independence and 1848 Party) in Budapest (22 Aug 1919) where he reported that the Szeged ministry has fulfilled its task and would hand over its authority and troops under the command of the central government. Resignation of Horthy (1944)
The role of the Council of the Realm is often misinterpreted by some sources and is sometimes confused with the Governing Council. The fact that the National Assembly accepted the resignation of Horthy on 3 Nov 1944 contradicts the suggestion that the Council of the Realm had the power to declare a vacancy. Composition of the Council of the Realm (1944) The law establishing the Council of the Realm (1937. évi XIX. törvénycikk a kormányzói jogkör kiterjesztéséről és a kormányzóválasztásról) provided for the following composition of this body:
At the 27 Oct 1944 session of the Council of the Realm its composition was as follows (coded to the letters above):
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