Hawaii: Rulers: 1810-1893

The royal title in Hawaiian is included in the most frequently used form. The Inclusion of nui (grand) is attested in official documents, but is normally omitted when the polity name provides context. The usage of mōʻī instead of aliʻi is found as early as 1854, but not consistently and usually equated with "His Majesty" at the time. The full style normally included an introductory part "Ma ka lokomaikaʻi o ke Akua" ("By the Grace of God") with variations in Hawaiian.

Aliʻi o kō Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina (King of the Hawaiian Islands)
c. 1810 - 8 May 1819	Kamehameha I
c. 15 May 1819 - 14 Jul 1824	Kamehameha II [1] personal name: Liholiho
6 Jun 1825 - 15 Dec 1854	Kamehameha III [2][3] personal name: Kauikeaouli
Kuhina Nui (ex officio) [4]
15 Dec 1854 - 15 Dec 1854	Keoni Ana (John Young)
Aliʻi o kō Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina (King of the Hawaiian Islands)
15 Dec 1854 - 30 Nov 1863	Kamehameha IV personal name: Alexander Liholiho
Kuhina Nui (ex officio) [4]
30 Nov 1863 - 30 Nov 1863	Victoria Kamāmalu (Kaʻahumanu IV)
Aliʻi o kō Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina (King of the Hawaiian Islands)
30 Nov 1863 - 11 Dec 1872	Kamehameha V personal name: Loka (Lot) Kamehameha
‘Aha Kuhina (Cabinet Council)
11 Dec 1872 - 9 Jan 1873	Ferdinand William Hutchison
11 Dec 1872 - 9 Jan 1873	Robert Stirling
11 Dec 1872 - 9 Jan 1873	Stephen Henry Phillips
Aliʻi o kō Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina (King of the Hawaiian Islands)
9 Jan 1873 - 3 Feb 1874	Lunalilo [5] personal name: William Charles Lunalilo
‘Aha Kuhina (Cabinet Council)
3 Feb 1874 - 13 Feb 1874	Edwin Oscar Hall
3 Feb 1874 - 13 Feb 1874	Charles Reed Bishop
3 Feb 1874 - 13 Feb 1874	Robert Stirling
3 Feb 1874 - 13 Feb 1874	Albert Francis Judd
Aliʻi o kō Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina (King of the Hawaiian Islands)
13 Feb 1874 - 20 Jan 1891	Kalākaua [6][7] personal name: David Kalākaua
Mō‘ī Wahine o kō Hawai‘i Pae ‘Āina (Queen of the Hawaiian Islands)
29 Jan 1891 - 17 Jan 1893	Liliʻuokalani [8]

Kamehameha II sailed from Honolulu on 27 Nov 1823 and traveled to England, where he died in London on 14 Jul 1824. News of the king's death reached Hawaii and was communicated to the royal family on 9 Mar 1825. A delegation of Hawaiian nobles who had accompanied Kamehameha II to England returned to Honolulu with his body on 6 May 1825, thereby formally confirming the demise of the throne. His designated successor, Kauikeaouli, was confirmed as king at a meeting of chiefs on 6 Jun 1825.
During the absence of Kamehameha II and the minority of Kamehameha III, royal authority was exercised by the Kuhina Nui Kaʻahumanu II. Kamehameha III gradually assumed authority and formally asserted his precedence at a ceremony held on 15 Mar 1833, while Kaʻahumanu II retained her office as Kuhina Nui.
During the period when the Hawaiian Islands were provisionally ceded to George Paulet, purporting to act as the representative of the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the government was exercised by:

British Commission for the Government of the Sandwich Islands

28 Feb 1843 - 31 Jul 1843

George Paulet (commonly known as Lord George Paulet)

28 Feb 1843 - 4 Mar 1843

Duncan Forbes Mackay

28 Feb 1843 - 11 May 1843

Gerrit Parmele Judd

28 Feb 1843 - 31 Jul 1843

John James Bartholomew Edward Frere

The Commission was established by a proclamation of Lord George Paulet on 25 Feb 1843 and confirmed on 27 Feb 1843. Its membership included King Kamehameha III, who was permitted to appoint a deputy. Judd was confirmed as the king's representative on 27 Feb 1843, and the Commission held its inaugural meeting on 28 Feb 1843. Following the resignations of Mackay and Judd, Paulet and Frere remained the sole members, serving until 31 Jul 1843.
In accordance with Article 47 of the Constitution of 1852, the Kuhina Nui was entrusted with the exercise of royal functions during a vacancy, which ended with the proclamation of a new king.
Lunalilo was elected by the ʻAhaʻōlelo (Legislative Assembly) on 8 Jan 1873 and took the oath of office on 9 Jan 1873.
Kalākaua was elected by the ʻAhaʻōlelo (Legislative Assembly) on 12 Feb 1874 and took the oath of office on 13 Feb 1874.
During the absences of Kalākaua, royal authority was exercised by regents: Kama Aliʻi (Prince) William Pitt Leleiohoku (17 Nov 1874 - 15 Feb 1875); Kama Aliʻi Wahine (Princess) Liliʻuokalani (20 Jan 1881 - 29 Oct 1881, 25 Nov 1890 - 29 Jan 1891). Kalākaua died in San Francisco, California, at about 14:30 20 Jan 1891. The news of his death reached Honolulu on 29 Jan 1891. The Princess Regent took the oath of office at a meeting of the Privy Council on the same day and was proclaimed the Queen.
Liliʻuokalani was deposed on 17 Jan 1893 and signed her abdication on 24 Jan 1895.