France: Legislation: 1795-1799 |
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Law on Organization of the Corps législatif and Distribution of Powers During the Transition Period (1795)
The Law of 30 Vendémiaire, Year IV (22 Oct 1795) proclaimed that starting at 12:00 (noon) 26 Oct 1795 the Comité de sûreté générale (Committee of General Security) would assume administrative functions exercised by the Comité de législation (Committee of Legislation) and that the Comité de salut public (Committee of Public Safety) would take over the functions of all other committees of the National Convention [1]: Art. 30. Depuis le 4 brumaire à midi jusqu'ou jour de l'installation du Directoire exécutif inclusivement, le Comité de sûreté générale exercera les fonctions administratives actuellement attribuées au Comité de législation et le Comité de salut public celles attribuées aux autres comités. A Aug 1798 [5]. Procedure of Sortition and Succession of Members of the Directoire exécutif (1797)Since the Constitution of Year III did not provide for exact procedures related to sortition and election of the members of the Directoire exécutif (Executive Directory), the Corps législatif enacted two laws passed on 14 May 1797 (25 Floréal, Year V) and 19 May 1797 (30 Floréal, Year V). The law of 14 May 1797 (25 Floréal, Year V) fixed the dates for sortition of the Directory members on 30 Floréal for the Years V, VI, VII, and VIII (19 May 1797, 19 May 1798, 19 May 1799 and 20 May 1800 respectively) [2]:
The Corps législatif also enacted the Law of 19 May 1797 (30 Floréal, Year V) on the cessation of functions of the members of the Executive Directory. The law required that a new member was to be installed immediately upon his election; an outgoing director exercised his functions until 10 Prairial inclusively [3]:
Both laws remained in effect until the Ancients passed a new legislation, the Law of 15 Ventôse, Year VI (5 Mar 1798). Procedure of Sortition and Succession of Members of the Directoire exécutif (1798)The procedure of sortition and succession of members of the Executive Directory was changed in the Law of 15 Ventôse, Year VI (5 Mar 1798) as follows: a) the date of sortition was fixed on 20 Floréal for the Years VI, VII and VIII, which correspond to 9 May 1798, 9 May 1799 and 10 May 1800 respectively; b) the election of a new member was to be held in the last decade of Floréal; c) the functions of a new member to be commenced on 1 Prairial; d) outgoing director could not exercise his functions later than 30 Floréal inclusively; e) the law of 25 Floréal, Year V, and that of 30 Floréal, Year V, were repealed [4]: Art. I.er Pendant les années VI, VII et VIII, le tirage au sort entre les membres du Directoire exécutif, celui qui doit avoir lieu, entre les commissaires de la trésorerie et ceux de la comptabilité, sont faits respectivemént entre eux le 20 floréal de chaque année. The Law of 15 Ventôse, Year VI (5 Mar 1798) was applied to sortition procedures, resulting in replacement of Nicolas-Louis François de Neufchâteau (9 May 1798), Jean-François Reubell (9 May 1799), and to elections of Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (15 May 1798) and Emmanuel Sieyès (16 May 1799). A law granting the leave of absence for Reubell (1798)Art. 164 of the Constitution of Year III imposed a requirement for each member of the Directory not to be absent for more than five days and to stay not farther than 40 kilometers from the seat of the Directory without a sanction of the corps législatif: Art. 164. Aucun membre du directoire ne peut s'absenter plus de cinq jours, ni s'éloigner au-delà de quatre myriamètres (huit lieues moyennes), du lieu de la résidence du directoire, sans l'autorisation du corps législatif. A special law was passed by the Council of Ancients (30 Jul 1798), granting Jean-François Reubell a 30-day leave of absence for health treatment [5]: Art. I.er Le C.en Reubell, membre du Directoire exécutif, est autorisé à s'absenter pendant trois décades, et à s'éloigner au-delà de quatre myriamètres du lieu de la résidence du Directoire exécutif. After Reubell's departure, Philippe-Antoine Merlin (de Douai) exercised the functions of president of the Directory, signing official documents pour le président. He also signed the minutes of the Directory from 25 Jun 1798 to 22 Aug 1798 [6]. Dismissal of Treilhard (1799)The term of Jean-Baptiste Treilhard as a member of the Corps législatif expired on 19 May 1797, which made him ineligible to stand for election as a member of the Executive Directory until 19 May 1798 according to Art. 136, which imposed one-year suspension of the former Corps législatif members from holding the offices of director and minister: Art. 136. A compter du premier jour de l'an V de la République, les membres du corps législatif ne pourrontêtreélus membres du directoire ni ministres, soit pendant la durée de leurs fonctions législatives, soit pendant la première année après l'expiration de ces mêmes fonctions. Treilhard's term as a member of the Conseil des Cinq-Cents (Council of Five Hundred) expired on 19 May 1797 (30 Floréal, Year V) and, therefore, he was ineligible to stand for election from 19 May 1797 (30 Floréal, Year V) to 19 May 1798 (30 Floréal, Year VI) inclusively. Thus, his election on 15 May 1798 (26 Floréal, Year VI), five days before 20 May 1798 (1 Prairial, Year VI) was illegal, but overlooked by the legislators at that time. The Council of Five Hundred voted a resolution on dismissing Treilhard at about 23:00 16 Jun 1799 (30 Prairial, Year VII) and passed it to the Council of Ancients before midnight. After appointing a committee to investigate the case of Treilahrd, the Council of Ancients endorsed the resolution of the Five Hundred between 01:00 and 02:00 17 Jun 1799 (29 Prairial, Year VII) and passed it to the Executive Directory, which received it about 02:00 17 Jul 1799. The actual law on declaring the election of Treilhard inconstitutional was dated: Le 29 prairial, une heure du matin de la séance permanente de l'an VII de la République française [7] and provided for immediate cessation of Treilhard's functions as director ("II. En conséquence, le C.en Treilhard cessera sur-le-champs ses fonctions;..."), thus his term was terminated on 17 Jun 1799 (29 Prairial, Year VII) as soon as the resolution of the Five Hundred became law upon its endorsement by the Ancients. Cessation of Functions of the Directoire exécutif (1799)Following the violent dissolution of the chambers of Corps législatif in the course of the Brumaire coup (10 Nov 1799), a rump of the Council of Five Hundred gathered at about 21:00 10 Nov 1799 (19 Brumaire, Year VIII). Presided by Lucien Bonaparte, it began deliberations of a resolution with the purpose of changing the structure of executive and legislative power, which was completed by 24:00. The bill was sent to the Council of Ancients and received approval between 24:00 10 Nov 1799 (19 Brumaire, Year VIII) and 01:00 11 Nov 1799 (20 Brumaire, Year VIII) [8]. Despite the fact that the Ancients voted their approval after midnight, i.e. 11 Nov 1799 20 Brumaire, Year VIII), the actual law was titled Loi du 19 brumaire, an VIII... and dated A Saint-Cloud, le 19 brumaire, an VIII... [9]. The law of 19 Brumaire, Year VIII, recognized the Executive Directory as non-existant and established the Commission consulaire exécutive (Executive Consular Commission), empowering this new body with the authority of the former Directory:
Thus, the transition of state authority from the Executive Directoire to the consuls became effective on 10 Nov 1799 (19 Brumaire, Year VIII). Entrance of the First Consul into Office (1799)The date of entering the office for the First Consul was fixed by the Law of 3 Nivôse, Year VIII (24 Dec 1799) passed by the Commission du Conseil des Anciens (Commission of the Council of Ancients) [10]:
The official proclamation of the First Consul dated 4 nivôse, an 8 (25 Dec 1799) was published on 6 Nivôse, Year VIII (27 Dec 1799) in the Gazette nationale ou Le Moniteur universel (No. 96, 6 nivôse an VIII, p. 2):
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[1] | Bulletin des lois de la République, 1e série, No. 199, item 1192. |
[2] | Bulletin des lois de la République, 2e série, No. 121, item 1175, p. 7. |
[3] | Bulletin des lois de la République, 2e série, No. 123, item 1189, pp. 18-19. |
[4] | Bulletin des lois de la République, 2e série, No. 189, item 1755, pp. 10-12. |
[5] | Bulletin des lois de la République, 2e série, No. 215, item 1940, p. 8. |
[6] | Archives nationales, AF III 1-51J. |
[7] | Bulletin des lois de la République, 2e série, No. 287, item 3017, pp. 1-2. |
[8] | Gazette nationale ou Le Moniteur universel, No. 53, 23 brumaire an VIII. |
[9] | Bulletin des lois de la République, 2e série, No. 323, item 3413, pp. 1-5. |
[10] | Bulletin des lois de la République, 2e série, No. 339, item 3492, pp. 17-19. |