Primary sources:
- Book of Han. The Book of Han (Hàn shū|漢書) online; online
- Zīzhì Tòngjiàn. Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance (Zīzhì tōngjiàn|資治通鑑) online
Secondary sources:
- Moule (1957). Moule, Arthur Christopher (ed.) The Rulers Of China 221 B.C. – A.D. 1949. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957. online
- Sargent (1950). Sargent, Clyde Bailey. Wang Mang: A Translation of the Official Account of His Rise to Power as Given in the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Shanghai: Graphic Art Book Co., 1950.
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