Primary sources:
- Book of Wei. The Book of Wei (Wèi shū|魏書) online; online
- History of the Northern Dynasties. The History of the Northern Dynasties (Běi shǐ|北史) online; online
- Zīzhì Tòngjiàn. Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance (Zīzhì tōngjiàn|資治通鑑) online
Secondary sources:
- Moule (1957). Moule, Arthur Christopher (ed.) The Rulers Of China 221 B.C. – A.D. 1949. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957. online
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